Nanotechnology is the new black Maryse de la

Nanotechnology is the new black Maryse de la Giroday http:www.frogheart.ca Where this talk is going Enabling technology Used with other technologies As an application

Materials, definition, and scale Nano through the ages Robotics, artificial intelligence, regenerative medicine, organ-on-a-chip,

Biomimicry Flights of imagination International situation Canada Environment, Health & Safety What does it mean? Emerging technologies Nanotechnology (aka nanoscience) is an enabling technology for other technologies Robotics

Artificial life/intelligence Regenerative medicine Synthetic biology Hence the little black dress/black shirts & pants designation, which carries on further: Nano and daily life Applications for daily life Self-cleaning windows (hydrophobic properties of nanostructures borrowed from the lotus, geckos, etc.)

Anti-bacterial wound dressings and clothing (silver nanoparticles) Your skin as a smartphonewearable technology technology : iSkin (graphene; presentation at CeBit in Hannover, March 1620, 2015 and in Seoul at SIGCHI in April 2015; University of Saarland) Energy-harvesting clothes and other objects such as bicycle paths so you can charge devices and electric grid Cosmetics (sunscreens) Your skin as a smartphone

Materials Carbon Buckminsterfullerene or fullerene or C60 or buckyballs Carbon nanotubes or CNTs or buckytubes Can be single-walled or multi-walled and length takes it from benign to concerning Graphene The new wonder material makes your skin as a smartphone possible (flexible electronics)

Buckminsterfullerene (1985) Credit: Benjah-bmm2 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Buckminsterfullerene-2D-skeletal.png] Carbon nanotubes (1991) http://inhabitat.com/carbon-nanotubes-couldcreate-better-solar-cells/ Graphene (2004)

Graphene (2 of 2) 2-dimensional Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb lattice made of carbon atoms. The ideal crystalline structure of graphene is a hexagonal grid. Uploaded by AlexanderAlUS Created: August 26, 2010 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene#medi aviewer/File:Graphen.jpg

Materials Metallic nanoparticles Gold (biomedical applications, chemical catalyst) Silver (anti-bacterial applications) Platinum (solar cells and panels, chemical catalyst) Titanium as in titanium dioxide (in Dunkin Donuts powered sugar until March 2015; sunblocks) Zinc oxide (in sunblocks) Other nanoparticles quantum dots, lignin nanotubes, gelatin nanoparticles

Is nano all Greek to us? The prefix is derived from the Greek , meaning "dwarf", and was officially confirmed as standard in 1960. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano From Latin nanus (dwarf), from Ancient Greek (nnos). http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nano- Definition A billionth

time as in nanosecond distance as in nanometre volume as in nanogram/nanolitre Nanotechnology is not a translation from the Latin or the Greek and it is definitely not dwarf technology Nano in English

tenth 1795 (deci)

hundredth 1795 (centi) thousandth 1795 (milli) millionth 1960 (micro) billionth 1960 (nano) trillionth 1960 (pico) quadrillionth 1964 (femto) quintillionth 1964 (atto) sextillionth 1991 (zepto) septillionth 1991 (yocto) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-)

Lycurgus Cup Named after King Lycurgus of Thrace whos depicted on the cup Lycurgus Cup

1600 years old Made of gold and dichroic glass Acquired by the British Museum in the 1950s It took scientists decades to understand why the colour of the glass changed (1990 according to http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-historyarchaeology/1600-year-old-goblet-shows-rom ans-used-nanotechnology-00793#!bjfuCU Sept. 2, 2013 article Lycurgus Cup

In order to produce the dichroic effect on the chalice, Roman artisans are believed to have ground down particles of gold and silver to 50 nanometres in diameter, which is less than one-thousandth the size of a grain of table salt, and then laid these nanoparticles within the glass before it set. When metals are the size of nanoparticles, they are able to display iridescent colours, which is what causes the colour to change in the Lycurgus Cup. Lycurgus Cup

While there continue to be scientific debates about whether the Romans discovered nanotechnology by accident or whether they deliberately calculated the size and quantity of nanoparticles required to make dichroic glass, no one has been able to replicate the effect, until now. ( http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/romans-used-nanotechn ology-turn-lycurgus-cup-green-red-1600-years-ago1468746 article dated Oct. 6, 2014)

Lycurgus Cup effect Researchers at the University of Cambridge & the University of Birmingham made a Lycurgus breakthrough Plasmonic nanoparticle scattering for color holograms by Yunuen Montelongo, Jaime Oscar Tenorio-Pearl, Calum Williams, Shuang Zhang, William Ireland Milne, and Timothy David Wilkinson. PNAS, Sept. 2, 2014 vol. 111 no. 35 1267912683, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1405262111

Lycurgus effect 2013 They [researchers University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign] conducted a study last year in which they created a plastic plate filled with gold or silver nanoparticles, essentially creating an array that was equivalent to the Lycurgus Cup. When they applied different solutions to the plate, such as water, oil, sugar and salt, the colours changed. ( http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-arch aeology/1600-year-old-goblet-shows-romans-use d-nanotechnology-00793#!bjfuCU )

History & nano Damascus steel blades (carbon nanotubes) recipe lost in 1700 Islamic pottery (glazes with copper and silver nanoparticles) Stained glass in cathedral windows (e.g., gold nanoparticles for red glass; theory that glass acts as a photocatalyst, i.e. cleans the air) Japanese Namban paper screens (beaten to nanoscale thickness; 1573 1868 roughly)

Robotics UKs National Physical Laboratory reaches out to BioTouch MIT and UCL haptic-enabled sensing and micromanipulation of biological self-assembly BioTouch The project will probe sensing and application of force and related vectors specific to biological self-assembly as a means of synthetic biology and nanoscale construction Ultimately this is for a robot that can apply

sensitive touch and requires more than one technology to enable it Robotics Bio-inspired robotic sock from Singapore for deep vein thrombosis or blood clots Equipped with soft actuators that mimic the tentacle movements of corals, the robotic sock emulates natural lower leg muscle contractions in the wearers leg, thereby promoting blood circulation throughout the wearers body.

Robotics For the first time, robotic prostheses controlled via implanted neuromuscular interfaces have become a clinical reality. A novel osseointegrated (boneanchored) implant system gives patients new opportunities in their daily life and professional activities. In January 2013 a Swedish arm amputee was the first person in the world to receive a prosthesis with a direct connection to bone, nerves and muscles.

Robotics Robert Downey Jr. (Iron Man 3 had a nano theme) RDJ delivered a gift to 7-year-old Alex: a very special custommade gift for the dapper looking boy with a partially developed right arm. The prosthetic, created by non-profit company Limbitless Solutions, demonstrates the power and cost-effectiveness of 3D printing technology but more than that, its pretty darn cool looking. At only $350 (minus the cost of the Arc Reactor!) Normally a prosthetic of this kind would cost upwards of $40,000, but with 3D printing dreams are being made into reality at an affordable price. (http://www.pressroomvip.com/robert-downeyjr-hand-delivers-iron-man-prosthetic-to-7-year-old-boy/)

Nano & robotics Limbitless Solutions website Artificial brains/intelligence Artificial brains (nanoscale devices) Memristor Nanoionic device (nanoionic atomic switch) Artificial intelligence (algorithms)

Writing and AI or is a robot writing this blog? (my July 16, 2014 post) about Associated Press & Automated Insights deal AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs (Pew Research Foundation) Regenerative medicine

Andemariam Teklesenbet Beyene Synthetic trachea transplant 2011 http://www.frogheart.ca/?p=4078 Student in Iceland, flown to Sweden for transplant by surgeon, Paolo Macchiarini, who has a double appt. Karolinska Institute in Sweden and University College in London, UK Regenerative medicine Alexander Seifalian (UCL Division of Surgery &

Interventional Science; professor of nanotechnology and regenerative medicine at University College London, UK), created a glass mold of the patients trachea from X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans of the patient. Regenerative medicine Seifalian & associates manufactured a full size y-shaped trachea scaffold Scaffold was built using a novel porous

nanocomposite polymer The composite has millions of little holes (pores), providing a place for the patients stem cells to grow roots Regenerative medicine The team cut strips of the novel nanocomposite polymer and wrapped them around the glass mold creating to create cartilage rings that confer structural strength to the trachea

Then off to Karolinska where stem cells are harvested and grown in a bioreactor Regenerative medicine During a 12-hour operation Professor Macchiarini removed all of the tumour and the diseased windpipe and replaced it with the tailor-made replica [now covered with tissue grown from the patient's bone marrow tricked into growing like cells found in a trachea The nanocomposite was designed to disintegrate

over time leaving the organic trachea in place. Organ-on-a-chip Definition: An organ-on-a-chip ... is a multichannel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. ... One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ-on-achip)

Organ-on-a-chip While cells are conventionally cultured in a culture flask or dish in an incubator, in the Organ-on-Chip concept they are cultured inside a so-called chip. This chip would not be a microprocessor or integrated circuit such as on bank card However, it can actually have been made using the same type of microfabrication process in a clean room.

Organ-on-a-chip The chip provides the basic housing for the cells which will form the tissue or organ model. As such it replaces the conventional culture dish. Chip is roughly the size of a microscope slide contains one or more closed chambers these chambers contain cells which multiply or differentiate depending on the research Chip is made of a transparent material for viewing through a microscope

Organ-on-a-chip The chambers on a chip (microchambers) can have surfaces with different characteristics e.g., very thin, flexible and stretchable, similar to a membrane (thickness in the range of microns for example), they are non-toxic for the cells, allow passage of, for example, oxygen or nutrients surface can be patterned, or for example designed to contain pores of a defined diameter all from nanometer to micrometer sized

Human-on-a-chip International competition to get multiple organs on a chip In particular, US & Germany in competition Dan Tagle (associate director of the NIHs National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences): stated they would have human-on-a-chip by 2017 Uwe Marx (TissUse): currently sells two organs on a chip; says he has four organs on a chip

This technique would bypass animal testing Biomimicry aka, bioinspired engineering or biomimetics Examples: Human-on-a chip Inquiry into chameleon skin and structural colour (Mar. 2015: http://www.frogheart.ca/?p=16247) Scientists found a two-step process where changes take place via the active tuning of a lattice of nanocrystals present in a superficial layer of dermal cells called iridophores.

The researchers also reveal the existence of a deeper population of iridophores with larger and less ordered crystals that reflect the infrared light. it allows the chameleons to rapidly shift between efficient camouflage and spectacular display, while providing passive thermal protection [http://www.frogheart.ca/?p=16247] Biomimicry and structural colour Hard to believe those berries were collected more than four decades ago, according to Cristina Luiggi in her Feb. 1, 2013 article, Color from Structure, for The Scientist magazine. Her focus is on

biological nanostructures and it is a fascinating article which I urge you to read. Biomimicry and sharks researchers try to make materials that mimic a process or ability observed in nature. They used sharkskin as an example for making a smarter material. Scientists have observed that nanoscale structures on a sharks skin have antibacterial properties. This is especially important when we have a growing problem with bacteria that are antibiotic resistant. David Pogues (the program host)

interviewed scientists at Sharklet and highlighted their work producing a plastic with nanostructures similar to those found on sharkskin for use in hospitals, restaurants, etc. Biomimicry

Blue morpho butterfly Giant squid Chameleons Peacocks Jewel beetles Namib beetles Lotus leaves

Flights of imagination Canadian military (commissioned two books from science fiction writer Karl Schroeder; Crisis in Zefra featuring nano as smart dust: 2005 [downloadable from authors website] and Crisis in Urlia (commissioned in 2010 and published in 2014 [Government of Canada document: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014 /mdn-dnd/D2-324-2013-eng.pdf] Iron Man 3 (Extremis) Deus Ex (Eidos in Montral)

Origins of modern nano Origins of modern nano Robert Heinlein Richard Feynman Chris Toumey controversy K. Eric Drexler Goo (Bill Joy, co-founder of Sun Microsystems) Neal Stephenson

International situation Big race Research Commercialization Patents UK had an early lead in the 1990s US gets serious at the end of President Bill Clintons term when he signed the National Nanotechnology Initiative, as of 2015, 22B

cumulative investment International situation European Union Flagship projects (1B Euros each over 10 years) Graphene Human brain China 50 year nano roadmap (co-published with Springer in June 2010)

Nanopolis (hub for nanotech and commercialization) is being built in the Suzhou Industrial Park International situation Saudi Arabia Opens King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in 2009 Ted Sargent of the University of Toronto has a collaborative relationship with researchers at KAUST Focus on solar energy

International situation Russia RUSNANO lands on the scene in 2009 Signing deals all over the place, e.g. 2011 $100M US with Kazakhstan Putin gets upset in 2013 and Rusnano changes course Chinese invited to create a joint nano investment fund in Sept. 2014 Chinese also want to supplant US dollar as a base currency with their own Russians looking east in wake of Ukraine & Crimea situations Military build-up amongst Chinas neighbours: Japan, Viet Nam & Philippines

When is an invitation for a joint nano investment fund possibly something else? Iran INIC (Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council) Teeth Green chemistry Nanotechnology researchers from Tarbiat Modarres University [Iran] produced a new drug capable of detecting and removing cancer cells using turmeric The compound is made of curcumin found in the

extract of turmeric, and has desirable physical and chemical stability and prevents the proliferation of cancer cells. (http://www.frogheart.ca/?p=13124) Mexico ITS (Individuals Tending Towards Savagery) first burst on the nano scene in 2011 According to one account, there were two incidents this week, one at Mexicos National Polytechnical Institute on Tuesday, August 9, 2011 (another account notes that there were previous incidents in April and May 2011

targeting the same professor but does not mention an August 9 attempt) and a more serious one (two professors were injured) at the Monterrey Technological Institute (the campus on the outskirts of Mexico City) on Monday, August 8, 2011. Mexico I gather the group (ITS) has posted a manifesto online which states that nanoparticles could cause the planet earth to turn into grey goo (a well worn and popular end of the world

because of nanotechnology scenario first posited by Eric Drexler who has since repudiated it but taken up by any number of science fiction writers). http://www.frogheart.ca/?p=4147 Mexico Mexico recently hosted (Feb. 7 8, 2013) a pair of conferences focused on nanotechnology and art conservation. The country is part of an international consortium

in the European Commisions Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), NanoForArt project. [http://www.frogheart.ca/?p=9387] Canada National Institute of Nanotechnology (NINT) Joint federal-Alberta initiative Most active provinces Alberta Qubec

Ontario Two areas of strength Graphite flakes for graphene CNC (cellulose nanocrystals) derived from forest products Environment, health, and safety (EHS) Carbon nanotubes, concerningly, long ones resemble asbestos fibres The lung appears to be the least protected of the organs

Silver nanoparticles have raised red flags US Life cycle of nanotechnology project $5M for Arizona State University LCnano Network Sunblock (nano sunscreen) scandal in Australia [http://www.frogheart.ca/?p=5875] What does it all mean? Dunno! We live in interesting times and looking at the other speakers topics and other sources, it

seems that we are at a juncture of sorts. When they talk about golden periods in history, they tend to leave out the crises and social upheavals. I think this will be a golden periodlater.